The Battle Of Religion During The 16th And 17th Centuries

During the 16th and 17th centuries a series of religious wars raged throughout Europe. In the fight to gain religious tolerance it created a split between the Catholics and the Protestants. The Dutch Revolt in the Spanish Netherlands was part of the series of religious wars in Europe. For ten years, a civil war raged in the Netherlands between the Catholics and the Protestants. Religion and politics were at the center of this revolt. Calvinism was spreading rapidly and became popular among the lower classes, lesser nobles, and town leaders. However, the strong Catholic King, Philip II desired to eliminate Calvinism within his territories. Philip II believed if he tackled Calvinism, then it would enhance his power in his monarchy. Therefore, politics were at the heart of this revolt since Philip II desired to impose Catholicism in an attempt to centralize his power in the Spanish Netherlands. Furthermore, politics and religion were also at the center of the French Wars of Religion. 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Essay about Applying the Sociological Imagination to...

There is much debate on what constitutes as a family today. However, Ball (2002) states, â€Å"The concept of the traditional family†¦is not an immutable one. It is a social construct that varies from culture to culture and, over time, the definition changes within a culture† (pp. 68). There is a growing diversity of families today including the commonality of sole-parenting. In order to explore aspects of sole-parenthood objectively, I need to reflect and put aside my personal experience of growing up in sole-parent household. Furthermore, this essay will explore the historical origins, cultural aspects discussing the influences and implications of gender identity, and social structures of sole-parent families, as well as consider the†¦show more content†¦As my parents grew further apart, my siblings and I grew closer together. Having grown up in a rural community, my father was greatly supported emotionally, as our family and friends could see how the pressure s of being the sole-provider weighed on him. Historically, one of the most economically vulnerable groups in New Zealand and other Western countries are sole-parent families (Family Commissions, 2010). When examining historical influences in New Zealand on sole-parenting, one must consider the influential changes the Second World War era had on families and family structures. Sole-parenthood was not particularly common during the this period, as most women married young and went on to have children while the men worked to provide for their families or went off to war. (Families Commission, 2008, June). Unmarried women who fell pregnant were scrutinized as being unfit mothers and shamed for getting pregnant outside of marriage. These women were heavily encouraged to give their babies up for adoption to allow their children to live a â€Å"normal† life and were seen as selfish if they chose to keep the baby (Else, A., 2012). It wasn’t until the 1960s and 1970s that more unmarried pregnant woman opted to keep their babies instead of putting them up for adoption (Else, A., 2012). Due to the financial pressures of sole-parenting the Domestic Proceedings Act was introduced in 1968, which required fathers to pay mothers some maintenance for

The Use Of Intravenous Urography Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Radiography scrutiny of urinary piece of land via endovenous injection of contrast media ( giving liquid substances straight into a vena ) .This construction became as a flow or urination.This flow did n’t demo a clear image in a general x-ray. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use Of Intravenous Urography Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, with endovenous urography process, contrast media is injected into vena ( endovenous injection ) . Intravenous urography will finish information all about kidney disease, ureter and chafe bladder.This process consists of two phase.First, it needs good functional of kidney to filtrate dye comes out from blood to urine.Time that needed for dye to be on X ray is related with kidney function.Second stage gives anatomical image of urination piece of land. Between foremost proceedingss, the dye will give clear image of kidney, stage that called as nephrogram.The other image will follow dye that passes down to the ureter and saddle sore bladder.The last movie is taken after urine comes out will demo how the saddle sore vesica is emptied well.Intravenous urography by and large undergoes for valuate the abnormalcy construction or obstructor of the micturition piece of land. INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY HELPS IN THE PROBLEMS Kdney rocks in the kidney ( a rock in kidney or ureter will be shown clearly on the x-ray movie ) , Urine infection ( if patient has infection at the vesica or kidney, endovenous urography helps to happen if patients has obstructor or unnatural kidney ) , haematuria / hemorrhage in piss ( it is caused by infections, annoyance and tumour in kidney.with endovenous urography, it can assist to happen the cause ) , obstructor or amendss at any portion at urination piece of land can be seen by endovenous urography. Contrast MEDIA High- osmolality contrast media ( HOCM ) or low-osmolality contrast media ( LOCM ) are acceptable but the undermentioned ‘high hazard ‘ groups should have LOCM such as babies and little kids and the aged, those with nephritic and / or cardiac failure, ill hydrated patients, patients with diabetes, myelomatosis or sickle-cell anemia, patients who have had a old terrible contrast medium reaction with LOCM or those with a strong allergic history. ADULTS DOSE 50 milliliter. PAEDIATRIC DOSE 1 ml kgE†°? . PATIENT PREPARATION No nutrient for 5 hours prior to the examination.The patient should non be overhydrated but should be usually hydrated.Dehydration is non necessary and does non better image quality.Patients should be, sooner, be ambulatory for 2 hr prior to the scrutiny to cut down intestine gas.The everyday disposal of bowel readying fails to better diagnostic quality of the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny more unpleasant for the patient, others claim there is no grounds this is advantageous. The patient should avoid the heavy repast prior to the scrutiny to cut down the sum of intestine gas, and the vesica should be empty.If the scrutiny is to be performed on a patient who has antecedently had a terrible contrast medium reaction, consideration should be given to administrating methyl Pediapred 32 milligram orally 12 and 2 hr prior to injection of contrast medium inaddition to guaranting that a LOCM is used Preliminary radiogram should be taken to show possible calcifications, concretions or other abnormalcies in the venters to happen the place of the kidneys, and to look into the technique factors. Preparation BEFORE INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY EXAMINATION The kidney should can be filter the contrast.For that, it is rare to make if the patient has unfunctional kidney.Before the process, the patient needs to undergoes blood trial to do certain the kidney is good function.The patient should inform the physician if there are any allergic reaction, prior to the contrast media likes iodine.The patient informed that do non devour any heavy repast certain hours before the procedure.This is to do certain, the patient ‘s colon is free from nutrients that can do the image became clear .The patient will be given laxatives ( dulcolax / heavy doses causes painful cramps ) before the procedure.the intent is to clean the intestine that can do the x-ray image more clear.The patient will besides be given the informed consent for patient understand about the procedure.If patient has diabetes and takes Glucophage, the patient should halt takes the pills for two yearss before the examination.This is caused by the combination of Glucophage and contrast media that maybe gives side effects to the kidney. AFTER THE PROCEDURE After the endovenous urography process, the physician will name the movies discourse how to do colony with the patient and family.As an illustration, the physician can non see both of the kidney x-ray image clearly after four hours, the patient should let them to see for the following process. There are many causes of the obstructors is kidney stones.the other causes are mass, tumour or malignant neoplastic disease at the tissue near the ureter.Sometimes, the hemorrhage in kidney can do blood coagulum that cause obstructor of micturition from gall vesica and ureter. See of this scrutiny, the physician will do two actions ; either waiting for yearss for the rocks pass out in urine or refer to the specializer of the Urology that maestro in micturition disease.If the endovenous urography shown the obstructor of big rock in the upper or in-between portion of ureter, the urologist possibly used lithotripter machine that send sound moving ridges to interrupt rocks to little atoms that can go through through the ureter easy and comes out from organic structure via piss. PRELIMINARY FILM Supine, full length AP of the venters, in inspiration.The lower boundary line of the cassette is at the degree of the symphysis pubic bone and x-ray beam is centred in the mid-line at the degree of the iliac crests. Technique The average antecubital vena is the preferable injection site because flow is retarded in the cephalic vena as it pierces the clavipectoral fascia.A 19-G is advanced up the vena to cut down the hazard of a perivenous injection and the injection is given quickly as a bolus to maximise the denseness of the nephrogram.Upper arm or shoulder hurting may be due to stasis of contrast medium in the vein.This is relieved by abduction of the arm. The patient is undress ( have oning infirmary gown ) and lying on the x-ray table.The contrast media is injected into venas or the arm.Ptient possibly feels pain.The contrast media is filtered via kidney and to ureter.The uninterrupted x-ray image is taken at the venters, normally every five proceedingss to ten proceedingss. Patient is lying on the x-ray tabular array when the x-ray image is taken but, the patient will teach to travel to the lavatory for micturution before the last x-ray image is taken.Although, a few x-ray image is taken for hours before the examinationin certain conditions.Patient can endorse place after the process is done.Patient can devour normal repast after the scrutiny. Movies IMMEDIATE FILM Anteroposterior ( AP ) renal areas.This movies is exposed 10-14 seconds after the injection ( arm-to-kidney clip ) .Its purposes to demo the nephrogram, as an illustration the nephritic parenchyma opacified by contrast mediain the nephritic tubules. 5-MINUTES FILM AP nephritic areas.This movie is taken to find if eliminations is symmetrical and is priceless for measuring the demand to modify technique, as an examplea farther injections of contrast media if there has been hapless initial opacification. A compaction set is now applied around the patient ‘s venters and the balloon positioned halfway between the anterior superior iliac spinal columns, as an illustration exactly over the ureters as they cross the pelvic brim.The purpose is to bring forth better pelvicalyceal distension.Compression is contraindicated after recent abdominal surgery, after nephritic injury, if there is a big abdominal mass and when the 5-minutes movie shows already distended calyces. 15-MINUTES FILM Ap of nephritic areas.There is normally equal distention of the pelvicalyceal systems with opaque piss by this time.Compression is releasd when satisfactory presentation of the pelvicalyceal systems has been achieved. RELEASE FILM Supine AP abdomen.This movie is taken to demo the whole urinary tract.If this movie is satisfactory, the patient is asked to empty their vesica. AFTER MICTURITION FILM Based on the clinical findings and the radiological findings on the earlier movies, this will be either a full-length abdominal movie or a coned position of the vesica with the tubing angled 15 A ; deg ; caudad and centred 5cm above the symphysis pubic bone. The chief value of this movie is to measure vesica voidance, to show a return to normal of dilated upper piece of lands with alleviation of vesica force per unit area, to help the diagnosing of vesica tumours, to corroborate ureterovesical junction concretion and, uncommonly, to show a urethral diverticulum in females. RISKS AND SIDE EFEECTS There are small opportunities to acquire malignant neoplastic disease from radiation exposure.Radiation dosage that effectual from this process this is 3msv, same like people who are got the radiation in one year.Contrast media that is used in endovenous urography can do to irritation reaction to patients, sometimes it need medical treatment.Pregnant adult female should inform physician or radiographer if they are pregnant. Small per centum of patient that got serious allergic reaction to contrast media, like unable to talk, breath or sup, swollen at lips and lingua, low blood force per unit area or faint.During the contrast media is injected, patient feels hot.This allergic reaction to contrast media is rare to happen.The effects is inflammation of the tegument, annoyance and conceited lips, The serious effects is hard in take a breathing and swoon cause of the low blood force per unit area. Decision Radiographer demand to hold a high grade of cognition, accomplishment, consciousness and involvement in this field so that they can carry through their day-to-day responsibilities efficaciously without seting patients life in danger.Contrast media is used in endovenous urography so that there are opaque or white countries at the kidney construction, ureter and vesica and this aid in better more clear x-ray image.Intavenous urography is an x-ray process that is used to name kidney jobs, ureter, vesica and urethra tract.This construction became it as micturition tract.The urination piece of land did n’t demo clear image in general x-ray image. Although, with endovenous uroraphy, contrast media is injected into the vien ( endovenous is the giving of liquid substances straight into a vena ) that focused at kidney and comes out through the ureter as urine.Contrast media will be opaque to the x-ray.So, the kidney, ureter and vesica will shown as white or opaque countries in x-ray image.X -ray image that green goods is known as endovenous urography. How to cite The Use Of Intravenous Urography Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS Essay Example For Students

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Limited Liability Company in Qatar - Essay Example An LLC implies that the company has not more than fifty and not less than two partners (Commercial Companies Law, 2002). The partners are not answerable for anything other than their individual shares in the company’s capital and their shares do not represent transferable cheques. LLC is the most common form of business organisations in Qatar (â€Å"Business Setup in Qatar†, 2008). 1.1. Limitations and Rules Enforced on LLC Companies 1.1.1. Partners and shares Basically, LLCs do not have any issued shares (Silkenat, Aresty and Klosek, 2009). It is imperative that an LLC should have one or more partners who are Qatari nationals with not less than 51% share in the company capital. Moreover, it is not necessary that the profit share of the partners reflects their equity stake. Foreign companies that are wishing to establish a joint venture in Qatar with a Qatari partner generally opt for an LLC. As mentioned earlier, an LLC needs to have two to fifty shareholders or partne rs and the minimum capital to be raised for such a venture is QAR 200,000 (Silkenat, Aresty and Klosek, 2009). ... Moreover, transferable bonds and shares (negotiable shares) cannot be issued and around 10% of the annual net profits of the company should be retained within the company till the reserve capital is 50% of the share capital of the company (Silkenat, Aresty and Klosek, 2009). The company capital is to be divided into equal units of more than QAR 1000 each (Dew, Shoult and Wallace, 2002). It is illegal for LLC companies to offer banking and insurance services as well as advice about insurance and other such services to other parties. The profit percentage of LLC companies can be increased through means such as weighted dividend rights (Silkenat, Aresty and Klosek, 2009). 1.1.3. Tax liabilities LLCs in Qatar have to submit an annual tax return and are required to pay corporate income tax. They are liable to pay 10% of their profits made from Qatar. If their annual profits are more than QAR 100,000, they are required to declare this along with their audited financial statements issued by a registered auditor (â€Å"Business Setup in Qatar†, 2008). 1.1.4. Companies Law and requirements for setting up LLC The different types of companies in Qatar are ordained by the Companies Law (Commercial Companies Law no. 11 of 1981 (Dew, Shoult and Wallace, 2002). Partners establishing an LLC are required to sign and submit, in Arabic, the Memorandum and Articles of Association to Qatar’s Ministry of Economy and Commerce (Wolters Kluwer TAA, 2013). The name of the company has to be approved by the Ministry of Economy and Commerce in Doha and the minimum stipulated capital also has to be deposited at a bank in Qatar (â€Å"Business Setup in Qatar†, 2008). 2. Qatari Laws on LLCs 2.1. Ownership Interest of Shareholders in an LLC As per

Leonardo da Vinci - the Man Of Renaissance Essay

Leonardo da Vinci - the Man Of Renaissance - Essay Example It is therefore, his contemporary intellectuals, inventors, and artists including Giotto di Bondone, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, and Galileo could come close to the wide range of fields that Leonardo asserted his genius upon. Born on 15th April 1452 in Vinci, the suburbs of the fabulous Italian city of Florence, as the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary ser Piero da Vinci and a local peasant woman Caterina, Leonardo received his early education and training in Florence under the supervision of his father. It is observed that he had developed great taste for paintings and drawing in his early childhood, and even his most initial sketches were extremely captivating, eye-catching and surprising ones, which immediately captured the attention of the viewers. Hence, no one could refrain himself from admiring the gifted talent of the dexterity and command of the little painter over fine arts. Consequently, his father, Ser Piero, sought the services of the renowned contemporary Florentine painter Andrea del Verrocchio to coach his son in order to polish his talent in this field. Leonardo worked very hard while learning from his teacher and applied his splendid intellect in the creative activities, which earn ed unabated fame and respect for the young artist. The history reveals that he had developed his personal art gallery at the age of twenty-four years only, where he got orders for the preparation of portraits and paintings independently from the local community. Somehow, Leonardo’s interests were so broad, and he was so often compelled by new subjects, that he usually failed to finish what he started. This lack of â€Å"stick-to-it-ness† resulted in his completing only about six works in these 17 years, including â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"The Virgin on the Rocks,† and he left dozens of paintings and projects unfinished or unrealized. Being the true follower of the prevailing Christian mythology, Leonardo selected Biblical stories as the topic of his paintings and drawing. He drew the sketches including the adoration of Magi at the eve of the Christ’

Notion Of Aura Used By Walter Benjamin Cultural Studies Essay

Notion Of Aura Used By Walter Benjamin Cultural Studies Essay Walter Benjamin was a Jewish intellect who lived in Germany during a period of anti-semitic feeling and WWII. His work was influenced by Jewish mysticism and historical materialism. Both the era in which he lived and his religion strongly impacted on his thinking. He is associated with the Frankfurt school. The Frankfurt School refers to the work of those philosophers, cultural critics and social scientists who belonged to, or were associated with, the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research (Edgar et al 1999 p129) The institute developed a Marxist approach which it is now associated with and no doubt contributed to Benjamins historical materialism. In The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction Benjamin addresses the ways in which mechanical reproduction spoils the uniqueness and authenticity of the work of art. He called this uniqueness and authenticity the aura. Aura is the particular power which an image or object has by virtue of its singularity, authenticity, and embeddedness in the fabric of tradition (Gilloch 2002 p182) Benjamin believes the aura of art has changed due to mechanical reproduction and sees the increasing reproducibility of art as directly related to the strength of its aura. Art in the age of mechanical reproduction explores the differences and consequences of the politicisation of art and the aestheticisation of politics. Benjamin describes works of art and some natural objects as having an aura. By aura he meant the trait of authenticity and uniqueness that constituted the artworks distance from everyday life, the notion that art was something that required contemplation and immersion on the part of the spectator (Gentz p116) A natural object such as a mountain could be said to have an aura because it has a personality and life independent of us. It is distant, is the only one of its kind and is tied to its surroundings and location. Similarly, a masterful painting is considered unique in that no person can reproduce it with complete accuracy. Even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be. This unique existence of the work of art determined the history to which it was subject throughout the time of its existence. (Benjamin p4) The paintings value comes largely from its exclusivity . A painting may be called permanent partly because museums, galleries etc. are devoted to keeping them intact and partly because history insures that the artists identity and the contextual significance of the work of art survive through the ages. But in another, less well-known sense, aura refers to the investing of an object with human qualities and emotions. We imagine not that we are looking at an inanimate thing, but that this thing can look back at us. We become caught up in a reciprocal relationship with it, just as with another person (Butler 2002) One could question whether uniqueness or authenticity could really be used as According to Benjamin the use of technology such as lithography changed the way in which art is produced and consumed. With lithography the technique of reproduction reached an essentially new stage (Benjamin p3). Lithography enabled many copies to be printed and expanded the potential audience who could view the art considerably. After this, the introduction of the illustrated newspaper and later, photography increased the rate of production and the size of the audience who consumed it. The use of photography was a turning point in the history of artistic aura. But only a few decades after its invention, lithography was surpassed by photography (Benjamin p3). After this the introduction of film was a further step towards mass communication. These technologies enabled art forms to be enjoyed by the masses. Art was no longer reserved for the wealthy and inaccessible to the general public. Film created even greater changes as it allows performances to be recorded and repeatedly enjoyed . Mechanical reproduction, therefore, has brought great changes to the consumption and availability of art. Both film and photography completely changed the idea of what art is. These changes in the production of art are what, according to Benjamin, spoiled the authenticity and uniqueness of the work of art i.e. its aura. For the first time in world history, mechanical reproduction emancipates the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual (Benjamin p9) He also believes that a work of art has now become a thing that is designed to be reproduced From a photographic negative, for example, one can make any number of prints; to ask for the authentic print makes no sense (Benjamin p9). However, no matter how perfect a reproduction may be, it will always lack a place in time and space and unique existence. Benjamin gravely disapproves of the lack of history that mechanical reproduction allows. He believes that without a testimony to history the aura of an object is destroyed. A plurality of copies is substituted for a unique existence. The aura of the object is destroyed through mechanical reproduction and this coupled with the ability to meet the perso n in his own environment are the two main reasons for the shattering of tradition that Benjamin speaks of and both are connected to the mass movement. Prior to the age of modernity, art was predominantly religious. Art of this type has what Benjamin describes as cult value. For Benjamin, works of art in our society often have with them a specific cult value, or value that is not subscribed to the artworks themselves, but, rather to the context in which the artworks were either constructed or situated (Cala 2010, p283) He explains that this form of value is no longer relevant, as art produced using modern methods of production no longer have an authentic element. For example, From a photographic negative, for example, one can make any number of prints; to ask for the authentic print makes no sense (Benjamin p9) The exhibition value of art is emphasised in the modern age . Benjamin feels that art is no longer produced for arts sake but for political reasons. Film and photography could be said to be prime examples of this. Reproducibility leads to the demise of the artworks cult value. It is no longer hidden away in those hallowed spa ces of bourgeois culture frequented by the privileged few (Gilloch 2002 p185) The destruction of the aura with regard to film is as a result of two distinct advances. They are the relationship between the actor and the audience and the mass nature of film. In film, the actor does not perform to an audience and the performance does not occur in one long piece but in scenes that can be recorded in any particular order and put together at a later time. The audience is distanced from the actor and Benjamin says that they take on the role of a critic as there is no personal contact with the actor This permits the audience to take the position of a critic, without experiencing any personal contact with the actor. The audiences identification with the actor is really an identification with the camera. Consequently the audience takes the position of the camera; its approach is that of testing. This is not the approach to which cult values may be exposed (Benjamin p13). The audience do not stand back and admire this art form and therefore it can be said that film has a ltered arts very nature and in this way it promotes the detachment of film from the realm of the beautiful semblance which, so far, had been taken to be the only sphere where art could thrive (Benjamin p15) The mechanical reproduction of film changes many of the original notions on art. One of the most radical ideas contributed by film is the promotion of a revolutionary criticism of traditional concepts of art (Benjamin p15) In Benjamins mind, the production of film is the ultimate expression of the aestheticsation of politics as it was revolutionary and changed the way in which people interpreted and saw the outside world. The invention of film allowed people to escape for a short time ultimately masking them from reality. Benjamin realized that film had the power to be used for political purposes and that it was well suited to propaganda. Film had the power to attract and hold the attention of the audience in order to shape their beliefs on the dominant political ideology without questioning. Its apparatus is perfectly suited for propaganda in both a positive and negative way. In fascism, film was used to celebrate the cult leader with whom the masses could identify without being urged to denounce social inequality. (Van den Braembussche 2009 p189) Benjamin also discusses another way in which mechanical reproduction affects society by discussing the change in the social status gap. Before mechanical reproduction a work of art would be a singular object unique by its individuality. Important works of art would be kept in private dwellings by someone of high social status and other places such as cathedrals, castles or private museums. These works of art would be inaccessible to anyone in the lower classes who were considered not worthy of viewing them. These private works of art defined the owners status due to the exclusivity of the art and its exhibition value. Due to mechanical reproduction the value of art took a dramatic shift. A piece of art was valued by its uniqueness and its aura. Today, an image is valued not in its uniqueness but rather in its aesthetic, cultural and social worth. With the introduction of mechanical reproduction the social gap between those who viewed art and those who didnt began to close. There was an increased circulation of images and documents that were very rare and used by the higher classes. Once mechanical reproduction became widespread these rare images and diagrams were shared by all classes increasing public education and thus closing the status gap. Technology meant that art could be reproduced and consumed by the masses, which Benjamin saw as a democratising feature. Benjamin envisioned a time when art was no longer reserved for the elite, but could be enjoyed, discussed and interpreted by anyone (Gentz p116) Benjamin influenced the work of Theodore Adorno. Adorno also wrote about art as having an aura. Adorno agrees with Benjamin in some regards such as that the aura has declined in this age of mechanical reproduction and that the aura of art is declining in the modern era. However he disagrees with Benjamin in other areas such as the reason for this decline. Adorno criticised Benjamins The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction in a letter he wrote to Benjamin. He critisised the manner in which Benjamin used his concept of aura. Adorno criticises the way Benjamin transfers the concept of magical aura to the autonomous work of art' (Van den Braembussche p189 ) Adorno thought that Benjamin made it appear that only autonomous works of art are characterised by aura.

Exploring ADHD and Available Treatments Essay -- Attention Deficit Hyp

Abstract: This research paper describes ADHD and the treatments available. It discusses the different medications and their side effects and explains the opinions of some doctors for an alternative treatment. The main goal of the writing is to shed some light on the disorder and describe some theories about ADHD. This goal is stated in the thesis which talks about how ADHD cannot be identified exactly, the side effects to the medication are harsh, there are different alternative treatments, and research shows it may be caused from hormones and sleep deprivation. A Normal Life ? Imagine sitting in a fourth grade science class. The teacher is lecturing in the front of the room while a groundskeeper mows the grass outside the window. The mower is buzzing in the student's ears, grasping one students' attention, taking it away from the teacher's discussion. Slowly the mower begins to move further away until it is completely out of sight. The attention returns to the teacher, whose words mumble together. The student begins to feel bored as he begins to swing his feet on the seat in front of him. The student in front of him becomes annoyed by the pitter-patter on her seat, and she yelps with anger. The attention slides back into the class, where something new and interesting is happening. The teacher stops her lecture, making this student the center of attention. It may be negative attention, but it's something that holds the student's interest. This type of thing happens normally to this student, so he is used to it. Besides, this isn't his fault; everyone kno ws he has ADHD, anyway he can't help but act like this. It's just how some kids are, right? Normally his mother makes him take his pills, but today he threw them out becaus... ...w.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm#adhd8 Ritalin side effects and warnings (2004). PDR. Retrieved March 26, 2004, from Medical Economics web site: http://www.fromthepines.com/ritalin.html Schneebaum, Ron M.D. (March 2000). Where did Ritalin come from? Retrieved March 23, 2004, from massnews web site: http://www.massnews.com/past_issues/other/3_Mar/ad5mar.htm Smith, Lawrence T. (2004). The truth behind ADHD . FDA facts national ? institutes of health consensus. Retrieved March 22, 2004, from FDA web site: http://www.ritalindeath.com/ Stein, David B. (1999). 1999. 1st ed, pg 6-32. Ritalin is not ? the answer:a drug-free, practical program for children diagnosed with ADD or ADHD. Retreived March 16, 2004 Volkow, Nora. (2001). Ritalin facts. Retreived March 20, 2004, from nida publications web site: http://www.nida.nih.gov /Infofax/ritalin.html

Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector: an Overview

ReseaRch PaPeR Commerce Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2013 | ISSN – 2249-555X Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector: An overview Keywords Rakesh Chutia Assistant, State Bank of India Margheita-786181 Dist. -Tinsukia Assam ABSTRACT Operational risk is inherent in all banking products, activities and processes and systems and the effective management of operational risk is of paramount importance for every bank’s board and senior management.With globalization and deregulation of financial markets, increased competition combined with the advent of high-end, innovative, sophisticated technology tremendous changes have taken place in the products distribution channels and service delivery mechanism of the banking sector. These have introduced more complexities into the banking operations and consequently the risk patterns and profiles of the industry have also become complex, diverse and catastrophic. The New Capital Adequacy Framework of the Reserve Bank of India requires bank to maintain capital explicitly towards operational risk.This paper tries to study the various methodologies used by the banks in their operational risk management activity and to study the regulatory framework related to operational risk management. Introduction Since the late 1990s, globalization, deregulation, consolidation, outsourcing, breaking of geographical barriers by use of sophisticated technology, growth of e-commerce etc. have significantly changed the business, economic and regulatory climate of the banking sector. These developments introduced more complexities into the activities of banks and their risk profiles.Consequently a series of high profile operational loss events at Societe Generale, UBS, AIB, and National Australia Bank etc. have led banks and their managements world over to increasingly view operational risk management as an integral part of their risk management activity like the management of market risk and credit risk. The identification and measurement of operational risk is a significant issue for modern-day banks, particularly since the decision by the  Basel Committee on Banking Supervision  (BCBS) to introduce a capital charge for this risk as part of the new capital adequacy framework (Basel II).Operational risk has been defined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This definition is based on the underlying causes of operational risk. It seeks to identify the causes of a loss event and at the broadest level includes the breakdown by four causes: people, processes, systems and external factors. Operational risk may materialise directly, e. g. , in electronic fund transfer (transfer of funds to the wrong person) or could result indirectly as a credit or market loss.Since there is a close linkage of operational risk with other types of risks, it is very important for banks to first have a clear understanding of the concept of operational risk before designing the appropriate operational risk measurement and management framework. Different types of operational risk in Banking Sector The Basel Committee has identified the following types of operational risk events as having the potential to result in substantial losses for banks: †¢ Internal fraud. For example, intentional misreporting of positions, employee theft, and insider trading on an employee’s own account. Externalfraud. Forexample,robbery,forgery,chequekiting, and damage from computer hacking. †¢ Employment practices and workplace safety. For example, workers compensation claims, violation of employee health and safety rules, organised labour activities, discrimination claims, and general liability. †¢ Clients, products and business practices. For example, fiduciary breaches, misuse of confidential customer information, improper trading activities on the bank’s account, mon ey laundering, and sale of unauthorized products. Damagetophysicalassets. Forexample,terrorism,vandalism, earthquakes, fires and floods. †¢ Business disruption and system failures. For example, hardware and software failures, telecommunication problems, and utility outages. †¢ Execution,deliveryandprocessmanagement. Forexample: data entry errors, collateral management failures, incomplete legal documentation, and unauthorized access given to client accounts, non-client counterparty misperformance, and vendor disputes. OPERATIONAL RISKMANAGEMENT PROCESS: Operational Risk management generally encompasses the process of identifying risks to the bank, measuring exposures to those risks), ensuring that an effective capital planning and monitoring programme is in place, monitoring risk exposures and corresponding capital needs on an ongoing basis, taking steps to control or mitigate risk exposures. †¢ Identification of operational risk. Banks should identify and assess the operational risk inherent in all products, services,activities,processesandsystems. You can read also Portfolio Management QuizzesEffectiverisk identification should consider both internal factors (such as the bank’s structure, the nature of the bank’s activities, the quality of the bank’s human resources, organizational changes and employee turnover) and external factors (such as changes in the industry and technological advances) that could adversely affect the achievement of the bank’s objectives. †¢ AssessmentofOperationalRisk. Inadditiontoidentifying the risk events, banks should assess their vulnerability to these risk events.Effective risk assessment allows a bank to better understand its risk profile and most effectively target risk management resources. Amongst the possible tools that may be used by banks for assessing operational risk are: ? Self Risk Assessment: A bank assesses its operations and activities against a menu of potential operational risk vulnerabilities. This process is internally driven and often incorporate s checklists and/or workshops to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the operational risk environment. 6 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH ReseaRch PaPeR Risk Mapping: In this process, various business units, organizational functions or process flows are mapped by risk type. This exercise can reveal areas of weakness and help prioritise subsequent management action. ? Key Risk Indicators: Key risk indicators are statistics and/ or metrics, often financial, which can provide insight into a bank’s risk position. Such indicators may include the number of failed trades, staff turnover rates and the frequency and/or severity of errors and omissions. †¢ Measurement. A key element of risk management is measuring the size and scope of the bank’s risk exposures.However, there is no clearly established, single method to measure operational risk on a bank-wide basis. Banks may develop risk assessment techniques that are appropriate to the size and complexities of the ir portfolio, their resources and data availability. A good assessment model must cover certain standard features. An example is the â€Å"matrix† approach in which losses are categorized according to the type of event and the business line in which the event occurred. Banks may quantify their exposure to operational risk using a variety of approaches.Forexample,dataonabank’shistoricallossexperience could provide meaningful information for assessing the bank’s exposure to operational risk and developing a policy to mitigate/control the risk. †¢ MonitoringofOperationalRisk. Aneffectivemonitoring process is essential for adequately managing operational risk. Banks should implement a process to regularly monitor operational risk profiles and material exposures to losses. In addition to monitoring operational loss events, banks should identify appropriate indicators that provide early warning of an increased risk of futurelosses.Such indicators should be forwar d-looking and could reflect potential sources of operational risk such as rapid growth, the introduction of new products, employee turnover, transaction breaks, system downtime, and so on. There should be regular reporting of pertinent informationtoseniormanagementandtheBoardofDirectors that supports the proactive management of operational risk †¢ Controls/MitigationofOperationalRisk. Withregardto operational risk, several methods may be adopted for mitigatingtherisk. Forexample,lossesthatmightarise on account of natural disasters can be insured against.Losses that might arise from business disruptions due to telecommunication or electrical failures can be mitigated by establishing redundant backup facilities. Loss due to internal factors, like employee fraud or product flaws, which may be difficult to identify and insure against, can be mitigated through strong internal auditing procedures. The Board of Directors and senior management must make efforts for establishing a stron g internal control culture in which control activities are an integral part of the regular activities of a bank.Banks should periodically review their risk limitation and control strategies and should adjust their operational risk profile accordingly using appropriate strategies, in light of their overall risk appetite and profile. Investment in appropriate processing technology and information technology security are also important for risk mitigation. Banks should also have in place contingency and business continuity plans to ensure their ability to operate on an ongoing basis and limit losses in the event of severe business disruption.OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN BASEL II The Basel framework (2004) proposes a range of approaches for setting aside regulatory capital for operational risk under Pillar 1: The Basic Indicator Approach (BIA), The Standardised Approach(TSA)andtheAdvancedMeasurementApproach (AMA). Allthethreeapproachesdifferintheircomplexityand the banks ar e encouraged to move along the spectrum of approaches as they obtain more sophistication in their risk management practices.The Basic Indicator Approach is the simplest approach for estimating regulatory capital, wherein Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2013 | ISSN – 2249-555X banks are required to set apart an amount equal to the average over the previous three years of 15% of positive annual gross income. In The Standardised Approach, banks’ activities are divided into eight business lines: Corporate finance, Trading & Sales, Retail Banking, Commercial Banking, Payment & Settlement, Agency Services, Asset Management and Retail Brokerage.While gross income continues to be the main indicator of operational risk as under the Basic Indicator Approach, the specific amount to be set apart as a percentage of the gross income varies between business lines, ranging from 12 to 18% , as compared to the 15% overall under the Basic Indicator Approach. This approach is more refine d than the Basic Indicator Approach as it takes into the account the fact that some business lines are riskier than others and therefore a higher proportion of capital has to be set apart for those business lines.The Advanced MeasurementApproach(AMA)isbasedonthebanks’internalmodels to quantify operational risk. The framework gives flexibility to the banks in the characteristics of the choice of internal models, though it requires banks to demonstrate that the operational risk measures meet a soundness standard comparable to a one-year holding period and a 99. 9% confidence level, which means that a bank’s capital charge should be equal to at least 99. 9% quantile of their annual aggregate loss distribution.Banks are required to factor in four key elementsindesigningtheirAdvancedMeasurementApproach framework: internal loss data, external loss data, scenario analysis and bank specific business environmental and internal control factors. The methodologies under the advanc ed approach are evolving and there are a range of methods in practice in banks internationally. OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF INDIAN BANKING SECTOR: The Reserve Bank of India is the regulator and supervisor of the banking system in India and is entrusted with the task of framing the capital adequacy guidelines for banks in India under Basel II.Public sector banks, where the Government of India is the major shareholder, dominate the Indian banking system, accounting for nearly three-fourths of total assets and income. These banks are large and very old banks, operating through thousands of branches spread all over the country. The new private sector banks are fully automated from day-one and operate like other high-tech foreign banks. The private sector banks have grown rapidly since the onset of reforms and have increased their share in total assets of the banking industry, whereas the public sector banks have witnessed shrinkage in their market share.The public sect or banks have only recently started automating their processes and operations. This transition has posed significant challenges in the management of operational risk to the banks as introduction of new technology and complete overhauling of the existing systems requires a re-engineering of business processes, training of manpower, audit in a computerized environment and other related operational risk challenges. The new generation private sector banks on the other hand have to deal with the risks arising from growth at a scorchingpace.WiththereformsintheIndianbankingsectorand banks being allowed to access new markets and sophisticated products, the Reserve Bank of India has also been repeatedly advising the banks to have in place an effective and resilient control framework in place to manage operational risks. Specific guidance on management of operational risk has also been issued as per which some banks; especially the larger and internationally active banks are expected to move along the range towards more sophisticated pproaches as they develop more sophisticated operational risk management systems and practices which meet the prescribed qualifying criteria. Conclusion: ManagingOperationalRiskisemergingasanimportantelement of sound risk management practice in modern day banks in the wake of phenomenal increase in volume of transactions, high degree of structural changes and complex technological support systems. RBI expects all Indian banks to strengthen their operation risk management system and to INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 7 ReseaRch PaPeR e in readiness to graduate to more sophisticated approaches of operational risk management under Basel norms. In order to derive maximum gains banks need to gear up efforts for speedy and effective implementation of comprehensive Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2013 | ISSN – 2249-555X operational risk management frameworks and thereby bring more efficiency, transparency, profitability and sustainabi lity into their operations. REFERENCE Reserve Bank of India, Department of Banking Operations and Development, Central Office, Mumbai, (2005), â€Å"Draft guidance note on management of operational risk†, 2.Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (August, 2003) â€Å"The Joint Forum Operational risk transfer across financial sectors†, 3. Usha, Janaki, Raman, (2008) â€Å"Operational Risk Management in Indian Banks in the Context of Basel II: A Survey of the State of Preparedness and Challenges in Developing the Framework†, 4. Rao, D, Tripati and Ghosh, Prodipta, (2008) â€Å"Preparedness of Indian Banks in Managing Operational Risk†, 5. Kale, Ketan and Agarwal, Mohit, Marsh India, (2011) â€Å"Operational Risk Mitigation & Basel II Accord – Challenges & Opportunities†. 8 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

Probation and Parole

Probation and Parole Despite the fact that probation and parole are not similar terms of supervision, the media and public have always missed that fact. However, there are several similarities and differences between two terms. As a matter of fact, probation occurs when an offender happen to be released into the community without serving any prison sentence, however, kept under supervision.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Probation and Parole specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, parole refers to when an individual serving a term of incarceration get released into the community, but still remains under supervision. As such, both cases refer to a managed supervision of the victims. In this paper, the author discusses three similarities and three differences between probation and parole. Similarities of Probation and Parole As mentioned earlier, both parole and probation refer to conditions implemented in order to su pervise victims of crime out of prison facilities. Crime victims get free to join the society, where they have to complete their terms under supervision (Figgis, 1998). However, various conditions manage their release, and when the conditions become violated; a term of incarceration may be imposed on the victim. As such, community correction agencies have the duty of ensuring that offenders remain liable to these conditions, as well as, encourage them to change their behavior (Thigpen, Thomas, George, Michael, 2003). Therefore, both parole and probation get implemented to allow for compliance and rehabilitation of offenders. In order to allow offenders to change by themselves, probation and parole should be implemented for victims that do not cause immense insecurity to the public (Thigpen et al., 2003). As such, the implementation of probation and parole allows for the gradual change of offenders. Furthermore, parole and probation became key factors of managing the behavior of off enders within the community setting. Over the decades, especially during the 1980s, crime activities gradually increased. As a result, several victims of crime have constantly been sent to prisons in order to serve their terms away from the society. This ensured that the public remains safe from danger posed by untamed individuals. In the long-run, prison facilities became overcrowded and prison management became impossible to handle. In connection to that, the cost of managing prisons rose towards unacceptable levels in several states.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Pew Center on the States (2009), parole and probation significantly reduces prison overcrowding, as well as, the associated costs of running the facilities (Figgis, 1998). In 2008, for example, explosive growth in the cost of running prisons became unusually high and strategies to co ntrol the effect had to be implemented. The same year, $5,672 million accounted for prison spending while only $788 million accounted for probation and parole expenditure (Pew Center on the States, 2009). Therefore, it becomes evident that both parole and probation plays a key role in reducing the cost of government spending in correctional facilities as compared to incarceration. As much as supervision of parole and probation matters, there are several similarities that link two processes. In both cases, the offenders have to report to an officer during the whole supervision program. Parolees have to report to parole officers, while individuals on probation reports to probation officers. Relevant sources show that 60 parolees became assigned to one parole officer, while probation officers had more than 100 probation victims to supervise (Pew Center on the States, 2009). Table 1.0 highlights the basic similarities that exist in the conditions governing offenders on parole and probat ion respectively. Probation Parole Offender reports to a probation officer on scheduled basis. There are several guiding and counseling sessions, as well as, anger management lessons. Drug and alcohol treatment makes part of the supervision program. Advices on finding and maintaining employment. Offenders advised to abstain from making crimes (Figgis, 1998). Offender reports to a parole officer on scheduled basis. There are several guiding and counseling sessions, as well as, anger management lessons. Drug and alcohol treatment makes part of the supervision program. Advices on finding and maintaining employment. Offenders advised to abstain from committing any other crimes and keep off other guilty offenders. Figure 1.0: Key similarities between Probation and Parole. Differences between Probation and Parole Besides the fact that probation and parole happen to be implemented by established laws, several variations exist between the practices. In probation, for instanc e, local judges impose probation on offenders that do not pose extremely high dangers to the public (Figgis, 1998). As such, offenders proven guilty by the court happen to be released into the society under specified conditions for some determined length of time. In this scenario, guilty offenders receive an alternative charge of incarceration as long as the offender adheres to the imposed conditions. The offender will remain under supervision, which, mostly continues for the whole probation period after passing of the probation sentence. In that case, the court still assumes several responsibilities such as supervising, changing terms, revoking probation and imposing an incarceration.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Probation and Parole specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In parole, on the other hand, inmates happen to be released into the society after serving part of their terms with an improvement in their behaviors (Bradley, Michael, 2001). In this scenario, the parole board assumes all the responsibilities of controlling the behavior of the parolees. Where a parolee violates the terms and conditions of the parole, the parole may be revoked and another incarceration imposed on the victim (Bradley, Michael, 2001). Hence, probation involves a decision made before the imprisonment of an offender, while parole involves the liberation of inmates from jail in order to serve their remaining part of sentence within the community. In the two scenarios, the decisions reached at depend on the degree of crime committed and behavior of the offender during the initial term respectively. In connection to that, parole can be considered as a privilege for an individual serving a minimum and a maximum term. This can be realized when the convict has already served the minimum term and an improvement in character observed over the period. Hence, the individual qualifies for a chance to complete the r est of the term out of prison. This decision arises through a hearing by a parole board, unlike in probation where the judge makes the final decision (Bradley, Michael, 2001). Furthermore, probation accounts for part of the punishment made by a judge, while parole refers to supervision imposed after a term that already existed. According to relevant sources, parole allows the smooth transition of prison inmates into the society, while probation guides first offenders to limit the chances of committing other crimes. As established, probation and parole give offenders the chance to prove that one’s character may be improved. On the contrary, failure of meeting the conditions may result in even worse terms and further incarceration. To conclude, it is possible to say that parole and probation serve the same purpose of improving the behavior of an offender before reuniting with the society. Reference List Bradley, K., Michael, O. (2001). The Role of Parole. Retrieved from the C ommunity Resources for Justice. Web. Figgis, H. (1998). Probation: An Overview. Retrieved from the NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pew Center on the States. (2009). One In 31: The Long Reach of American Corrections. Retrieved from the Pew Charitable Trusts. Web. Thigpen, M., Thomas, B., George, K., Michael, G. (2003). Motivating Offenders to Change: A guide for Probation and Parole. Retrieved from the National Institute of Corrections. Web.

Pressing and Pressure

Pressing and Pressure Pressing and Pressure Pressing and Pressure By Mark Nichol Press and all the words containing it as a root, as well as a few disguised words from the same source word, pertain in some sense to applying force. This post lists many of the words stemming from the Latin verb premere, meaning â€Å"cover† or â€Å"hold fast,† and its descendant pressare. Press itself means â€Å"cluster,† â€Å"exert force,† â€Å"push forward,† and â€Å"squeeze out.† As a noun, it refers to a device for applying force, including a printing press, from which influence the word came to describe the collective entity of print media (and later all journalistic media). In that sense, in such phrases as â€Å"press conference,† it also acquired adjectival form. It also applies to an approach to applying force, as in a defensive strategy in basketball such as the full-court press. A press is also a crowd or an acting of crowding together. Pressure is the application of force. As a verb, pressure means â€Å"apply force,† and the verb pressurize refers to injecting a gas into a container in a greater concentration than outside the container (or pertains to designing the container for that purpose). The adjectival form is pressurized, and the act is pressurization. (The corresponding antonymic forms are depressurize and so on.) The adjective â€Å"high pressure† denotes a literal or figurative situation in which force is applied, often in the context of its effect on an individual, as when referring to a high-pressure job. Tension or pain resulting from such situations can be alleviated by acupressure, a therapeutic application of pressure to points of the body. (One form of acupressure, developed in Japan, is called shiatsu- literally, â€Å"finger pressure.†) To compress is to push against or together, or to reduce as if by doing so, and something compressed undergoes compression. As a noun, it describes a piece of cloth applied to a body part, especially an injured one, as treatment, or pertains to a device that compresses; an example of the latter might, alternatively, be called a compressor, such as a machine that compresses air to provide force for a tool. To reverse compression is to decompress. Depress, by contrast, means â€Å"push down.† By extension, word also came to apply to lowering someone’s spirits or reducing value. The adjective for all senses is depressive, and depression describes an act of depressing or a physical alteration of a landform or an object that leaves one area or part lower than the rest; the word also has astronomical, mathematical, and meteorological senses. (The historical period of economic distress that lasted roughly throughout the 1930s throughout the world is called the Depression or the Great Depression.) Depressant is a synonym for sedative, and a medication intended to alleviate depression is an antidepressant. Express means â€Å"expel† or â€Å"push out† (hence the borrowed Italian word espresso, which refers to coffee brewed with steam pressure), but it also came to mean â€Å"put into words† or â€Å"represent.† Something that can be expressed in the former senses is expressible, and the latter connotations are represented by the adjective expressive. (The antonyms are inexpressible and inexpressive.) The adverb expressly, however, means â€Å"plainly.† Something expressed is an expression, including an attitude or emotion signaled by the way one’s face is shaped by movement of one’s eyebrows, mouth, and so on. (Expressive also describes something that reveals attitudes and emotions.) Express itself came to be employed as an adjective meaning â€Å"implied,† and both as an adjective and adverb, it refers to a special condition or treatment; for example, an express train is one that travels directly from one station to another, bypassing intermediate stops. In this sense, the word also serves as a noun, as when sending a package by a rapid delivery method. A system of doing so is called an express, and the word used to apply to a messenger employed to deliver something quickly. An expressway, meanwhile, is a thoroughfare with a minimum of exits or intersections. Impress refers to having an emotional or physical effect or influence. Something that leaves a positive emotional impression because it is aesthetically pleasing or demonstrates achievement is impressive. An impression may be an effect or influence, an uncertain or unclear belief or idea, or an appearance or suggestion; the word also refers to an emotional or physical application, such as fixing a personality trait or stamping an object. (The use of press and impressment to refer to an act of forced labor or military service is unrelated; the source of these terms is the Latin verb praestare, meaning â€Å"stand before.†) To oppress is to push against, to repress is to push back, and to suppress is to push down; the adjectival forms add -ive, and actions are indicated with the inflection -ion. All three terms often pertain to using despotic force against people agitating for freedom or rights. Repress and suppress also apply to excluding emotions or thoughts from one’s consciousness. Oppress may also apply to an emotional or spiritual burden. One who, because of a buoyant or determined personality, seemingly cannot be repressed is described as being irrepressible, and a suppressant is a drug that controls or prevents a reaction or state. Print (and imprint) are disguised relations of the press family, as is imprimatur; that word (New Latin for â€Å"let it be printed) originally applied to a printing or publishing license authorized by the Catholic Church, and later referred to approval to do so in general and then, by extension, pertained to any type of approval or a mark of approval. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?"Have" vs "Having" in Certain Expressions10 Functions of the Comma

Concept and components of business cycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concept and components of business cycles - Essay Example Whenever talks are made concerning the economic or business fluctuations, notions of aggregate economic income or output is anticipated. This is because, while business cycles are expressed in terms of fluctuations in GDP, there is usually an accompaniment by labor unemployment rate fluctuations too (Parkin, 2012). However, economists have often noted that there is variation in the lengths of a complete business cycle, as the duration may range from between two to twelve years, but averagely six years. Business cycles are significant in the sense that they highlight the economic relationships that exists in the economy. For instance, while growth in the economy will fall and rise with cycles, it generates a long-term trend line for growth. Economic growth above the trend line would result in a fall in the unemployment rate. Based on Okun’s Law, a 1% rise in GDP above the trend line would result in a 0.5% decline in the employment (Parkin & Bade, 2001). A business cycle is often comprised of four main stages that form its components. These are the recession (trough), contraction, recovery and expansion, and growth (peak). Even though the concept of the business cycle is used in relation to the larger economy, its phases can be applied to several sections of the business or a particular industry. The expansion and recovery phase relates to the period in which the business is rising, and consumer confidence is growing in the economy. As such, companies seize the opportunity to expand, and incomes and spending rates increase. This period is often associated with significant aggregate increase in factors such as total income, output, trade and employment rates. It persists for approximately six months, and is characterized by a widespread expansion of economic units/sectors in the economy. An extended period of this phase results in a boom in which the

Cased based essay- Treatment, rationale and management of the iskemic Essay

Cased based - Treatment, rationale and management of the iskemic ulcer - Essay Example Other important findings in the history include presence of intermittent claudication of the left lower limb since one year. John is a chronic smoker. He decreased smoking since one year after onset of claudication symptoms, following advice from a physician. However, he has not been able to completely quit smoking. During the current visit to the hospital, there is no history of fever or any other symptoms. The patient complains that the onset of ulcer started after he began to wear new slip-on shoes with narrow toe box. The patient reported being allergic to penicillin. There is no history suggestive of occupational injury, trauma, varicose veins, previous history of lower limb wounds/ulcers/gangrene, history of amputations and history of any other surgeries. There is no family history of similar ulcers either. The patient is not suffering from any collagen diseases. He is not on any anti-inflammatory drugs or steroids. The condition of the patient is stable. He is afebrile. He looks well nourished. Vitals signs are stable. Systemic examination is within normal limits. The ulcer is located over the lateral malleolus of the left leg. The size of the ulcer is 3cm in length, 2 cm in width and about 0.5 cm in depth. The borders are regular and the wound appears punched out and clean. The color of the ulcer is yellowish. There is minimal granulation tissue. The exudate from the ulcer is mainly serous and minimal. The surrounding skin appears pale, non-edematous, shiny and has decreased hair. Dorsalis pedis pulsation appears normal. Lower extremity ulcers are very common in patients with diabetes and infact, these are the most common causes for limb amputation in diabetic population (Armstrong and Lavery, 1998). Factors which contribute to the development of ulcers in the diabetic population are diabetic neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease and structural deformity (Armstrong and Lavery, 1998). From a podiatrician perspective, it is very

The Cold War and U.S Diplomacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Cold War and U.S Diplomacy - Research Paper Example Strait of Hormuz forms a bottleneck at the Persian Gulf, therefore, a strategic position to control the oil flow from the region. The Afghanistan invasion brought the Soviet Union in close proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, which could have been accessed through an invasion of Iran. Soviet actions posed threat to the stability of the entire region. The US along with other countries were dependant on the oil for the functioning of their economies. The supply was also crucial for the military to maintain its operational capabilities. Saudi Arabia, therefore, was assured of security by the US from communist adversaries.   Iran was a key ally in the region to guard against the spread of communism. Iran and Saudi Arabia were given aid to counter the Soviet Union and ensure stability in the region. The Iranian revolution in 1979 complicated the situation; therefore, a new doctrine had the to be formulated. The exclusion of Iran demanded a doctrine to present suitable threat to guard agai nst the spread of Soviets in the region and to find a reliable replacement for supply of oil to the US.   President Carter’s doctrine was a paradigm shift from previous doctrines of President Truman, Eisenhower, and Nixon. It was aimed to make clear the importance of the Persian Gulf as key vital interest. The doctrine made clear that any effort by the hostile power to block the flow of oil from the Persian Gulf would be considered an attack on US vital interest and would be dealt with military force.  

Race Based Jury Nullification Essay Example for Free

Race Based Jury Nullification Essay Jury nullification can generally be termed as the act by a jury who even though is convinced that a defendant is guilty of the charges he or she is accused of, decides to give out or acquit him or her of the charges for the jury’s own reasons (Brandy R. 2006). Jury nullification or for that matter can be defined as a process whereby the jury(s) nullifies â€Å"unfair laws by declaring guilty defendants not guilty†. On the other hand race based jury nullification involves the process of a jury acquitting an individual based on his or her race. This kind of cases is usually found in homogenous cases where the diversity of the jury is nil or very little. Earlier cases that include runaway slave laws as well as the present day cases like police shootings indicate that race based nullification is still a modern day courtroom issue. The nullification process usually takes place in the event that a criminal trial decides not to convict a defendant in spite of full proof of guilt due to the belief and view by jurors that the law is unfair or at certain times that there is an unjustly application of the said law. The basis of the nullification can be said, thus, to be â€Å"the unjustness of the law†, the application of the same law on the basis of race of a party. Additionally there are instances where cases that involve the terminally ill persons in the society are often given leniency by the jurors, when they do drugs due to their condition. The issue often is not just about nullification per se but at times is based and as such has brought a lot o debate on its essence in view of the law as well as ethics. In this paper, I will discuss the issue of race based jury nullification, its limitations as well as its merits. Finally I will evaluate the relevance of race based jury nullification in our present day society. Race based jury nullification Race based jury nullification involves the process of a jury knowingly acquitting a defendant based on his or her race and with the full knowledge that the defendant is guilty. There are empirical studies, which have shown that about 3 to 4 percent of jury criminal trails have been connected to jury nullification. The dilemma that the situation presents is overwhelming, considering that there exists no chance to stop the process of jury nullification as jurors and are never ordered or forced to convict defendants and also there is also no clause in law that makes it punishable for the juror to acquit someone. The overlying principle function of the jury is that it should complete the law, if necessary through the recognition of fundamentals of justification that traverses beyond the written laws of the land and not to â€Å"nullify† the instructions given by the judge. The focal point of reference when the jurors give the â€Å"not guilty† verdict and in the process is the issue of unjust nature of the law. Pros and cons Depending on which side of the debate you are on, this issue has both the ugly and the good side. There are various reasons why race based jury nullification has encountered criticisms even by its ardent supporters. One, the case can be used for majority cases, that is in instances where the jury consists largely of persons from the same race can effectively acquit one of their â€Å"own† (defendant from the same race). For instance, a largely constituted black jury would free a black American even tough she or he has committed a severe crime. Thus in view of the law, when a dangerous individual is acquitted on the basis of his or her race sets a bad precedence (Jemal, 1997). There are instances when white jurors have acquitted fellow whites through the process of jury nullification while in the face of it the said defendants actually engaged in an illegality that either harmed black or brown people in America. There are also instances when black jurors have freed fellow blacks on the basis of their races while they committed either a racial act or a severe crime. This has not helped the just course of the due process, blacks, whites as well as other races have engaged in the race based jury nullification, something that does not portend well for rules of the law. The nature with which the voting is normally done by the jurors is usually that of conscience, to an extent this is a total disrespect if not abuse of the laws of this land. When someone who is supposedly guilty is acquitted, this is tantamount to nullification of the very law. They are supposed to protect and on whose basis the jury even came into existence. Jury nullification has the potential to turn an otherwise coherent and cohesive society or state into some hostile, incoherent or even lead to civil strife. This is because when serious acts are committed, and rulings are based on races, the respective races may gang up against each other. It seems to be a defeat process in the face of the law that should be the guardian and protector of all. The most often conclusion drawn is usually that nullification is an integral part of power, which is essential for the checks and balances of the judicial system. Jury nullification has and will continue to play a dual role in the history of our country. There are certain instances in our history that jury nullification has proved to be a useful tool. For instance, in those cases that involved slavery or differential prosecution at certain instances let racist to go unabated. There is the possibility that over use of this power together with other real or imagined risks that it possess would be enormous if everyone were to understand and be aware of it. However, the absence of it would put and vest too much power with the executive and surely everyone else understands the consequences of excessive unbalanced power exercised by the government versus the power of the common citizens. Conclusion Overall, the race based jury nullification has been, still is and would always be a very highly debatable topic, whether one supports it or he or she is against it. In each and every argument put forward by anyone in the society for or against jury nullification process, there are strong, valid opinions and facts in support of the various respective reasons that cannot just be wished away. Having evaluated the situation, and with a critical analysis of the basis of the law of our great country, I came to a conclusion that with due respect the good job the jurors have done so far, the race based jury nullification should not be conducted or at least cordoned by the jurors. This does not mean that I am in anyway opposing or rejecting the whole idea of jury nullification. However, if the element of race becomes apart of the whole equation, then I strongly call for its ban. In my opinion and understanding of our history I believe jury nullification based on a defendant’s race does not promote unity within communities at any level. Considering the tremendous efforts our country has made towards a harmonious community and with the effort various personalities have put in educating and sensitizing people on how negative race based ideas has and can be. I believe the whole process is discriminatory and basically racial to the people in our society. This does not in any way mean that individuals should be ashamed of their races and promotes the values and ideals they stand for, but when a defendant is found guilty or innocent on the basis of the law by the jurors based on his or her race alone then there is a problem. Either the problem is with the law or our society but none of us wants either of these two scenarios. The basis for any juror’s decision should be facts, information as well as evidence that they receive throughout the trail. Jurors prejudices be it racial or otherwise should be left at their door steps before they get into the streets leave alone the courtrooms. Reference: Brandy Rivera, 2006, Race based jury nullification. Associated Content Cato Books 1999: Jurors Should Know Their Rights: A historical look at jury independence Jemal, 1997, Race Based Jury Nullification: A Path To Equality! http://www. geocities. com/athens/olympus/1320/nullification. htm Scheflin, Alan W. , (1999) California Bar Journal, Point Counter Point Is it ever proper for juries to ignore or reinterpret the law? , Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http://www. calbar. ca. gov/calbar/2cbj/99mar/page14-1. htm

What Is The Future Of The European Union?

What Is The Future Of The European Union? The future European Union what should it be? An integrated federal state, a free trade area, something else? Since the first enlargement of the European Community in 1973 northward, which saw the inclusion of the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark, the search for an ever closer union has been taking place. When EC recommended on 9th October 2002 that another ten countries should join in 2004, it is believed that the integration of Eastern Europe will push the European Union towards a new level, because it will provide a larger market, which will be the only way for the EU to compete in the new global economy. However, people cannot stop wondering, what the EU should be like in the future, as the new Europe will be highly diverse in all dimensions not only in the field of economics, but also geopolitics, and social conditions, political priorities. In this essay, it will look at the future EU, being a state with liberty, democracy and solidarity. Liberty has two meanings. To start with, in terms of The Single European Act, the chapter on the single market committed the EC to remove all internal barriers by the end of 1992, enabling the free flow of goods, services, capital and people in the member countries. There is little doubt that the internal market will become the prime focus of economic interest and activity over the next few years since it has given the EC a new lease of life. For example, potential microeconomic gains in welfare of some ECU 216 billion have been estimated for the EC, equal to some 5.3 per cent of GDP. A virtuous circle of benefits is expected, especially in the long term, from industrial reorganization, the reaping of economies of scale and through greater innovation. However, the enlarged Community is likely to experience greater internal problems since it now comprised a much less optimal grouping in its memberships. For example, doubts remain about whether sufficient structural funding will be forthcoming for the weakest Southern European economies to enable them to participate fully in EMU. It would appear that only a looser pattern of integration is compatible and suitable for the new Community in the future, particularly if it is to see continuing enlargement. Secondly, liberty requires openness and subsidiarity to be established as fundamental principles. citizens are informed of the remedies available if their rights, including fundamental rights, are not respected. These remedies include courts, ombudsmen and committees on petitions at all levels in the Union. A future Union should be a Union among the peoples of Europe, in which means decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen. European citizens in all Member States want a well-managed European administration that is open, accountable and service-minded. In which means, it need to ensure the establishment of an open, accountable and service-minded administration through a European administrative law. Like a car being serviced and redesigned, but until we have arrived, we dont know what the roads and traffic conditions will be like. Hence, a second important condition for progress towards closer union is that since nobody knows for sure what the enlarged EU will be like, the work of the Convention should not be underestimated. Much of it is inevitably technical and legalistic. But a huge task of simplification is under way which will increase coherence, transparency and comprehensibility of the political and institutional structures of the EU. Complex and incoherent decision-making rules and multiple routes for law-making are all being radically streamlined. But simplification can be politically sensitive. For example, if the vast majority of decisions in future are to be made by majority voting, getting rid of each countrys veto, then the EU may stand a chance of not seizing up, but governments and their publics will have to decide if they are ready for this kind of pooling of so vereignty and joint decision-making. Certainly, increased simplicity and transparency will help the enlarged EU be more democratic and more in touch with the public than the current one. But much more is needed to build a democratic Europe. The European Council of heads of state and the European Commission (which with enlargement will have 25 commissioner) between them share, in effect, the tasks of a European government they share the executive tasks for European policy. Increased democracy must mean these bodies are truly accountable. Currently, the Commission is weakly accountable to the European Parliament. The European Council is accountable to none as a whole though its individual heads of state are accountable separately to their own national parliaments. More political control and oversight is vital. Democracy is also about active participation and debate of the wider public, with real opportunities for access and input. Yet these aspects are also largely being ignored or lacking- the convention is focused on the institutional and legal elements of a new constitution and so risks leaving to one side creative thinking on how to build participative democracy in European politics. It is not enough that a new constitution is simple and accessible that can only be the first step. Thirdly, the new Europe also risks failing to play a strong and progressive role in the world despite the rhetorical commitments of Europes political leaders. The EU of 25 countries and half a billion people may be an economic giant but a political dwarf just at a time when global challenges and uncertainties call more than ever before for a clear European voice. The future of Europe convention is drafting a statement of values and goals for Europes role in the world with welcome emphasis on multilateralism, tackling poverty and discrimination and promoting peace and prosperity. But these good intentions run far ahead of the EUs ability to deliver a single common voice and strategy on the international stage. Countries like Britain and France remain highly reluctant to act together, even when their views converge, wanting their own individual profiles on the global stage. And they are even more reluctant to undertake the in-depth political discussions that would be needed to come to common positions when their views diverge. Europes confusion and multiplicity of views over the Iraq crisis show how far we remain from having a common and coordinated European position whether in the UN or in dialogue with the US. With enlargement, diversity of interests and views in Europe will grow. At the Copenhagen summit this week, the EU will invite 10 new members to join in 2004. This should be a beautiful, historic moment reuniting the European continent and healing the post-war divisions. But it is only the first step in meeting the European and global political challenges that the new Europe must address. If it fails, then this moment will be seen as a turning point that marked the start of the EUs decline and not its new beginning. Therefore, the capacity of the members of the Community to overcome their differences and move towards a common defence and security policy will provide a critical test in the coming years of their commitment to closer union. The prospects for this depend very much on the willingness of a core group among them and in particular France, Germany and Britain to concert policies and action. More than anything else it is the path they take on this set of issues which will determine whether or not a real European Union emerges, for without substantial progress towards a defence union it will remain seriously incomplete. The Convention on the Future of Europe is now drafting a new constitutional treaty that will address many of these problems. But its deliberations are focused on current problems, with too little attention to the new challenges that enlargement will bring such as dealing with poor and potentially unstable countries along its new eastern border. The biggest danger to the timetable for enlargement is the unpreparedness of public opinion across Europe. Half of the EUs population favours enlargement on average, but support varies a lot between countries. That matters because the accession treaty has to be ratified by all the member-states parliaments and the European Parliament, as well as by the 10 candidates parliaments following national referenda. At present, the risk of outright rejection appears small. But acrimonious battles about the EU budget have done nothing to endear enlargement to the public. The EU is about to complete its biggest and most important project of the decade: the re-integration of the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe into the European fold. Institutional flaws and money wrangles should not be allowed to divert attention from the significance of this achievement. Moreover, The EUs decision-making frameworks need a thorough overhaul. The most obvious problem posed by enlargement is that of sheer numbers. With 25 voices competing to be heard, a real exchange of views will be next to impossible unless the EU undertakes further reform of the Council of Ministers and the European Commission. But the differences will be more than arithmetical. There will also be qualitative changes as the new members add their own priorities to the EUs agenda. The political balance will change as the new members weigh in on one side of the argument or the other on every issue. For example, Poland will join the UK in opposing tax harmonisation and supporting NATO, but it could be a friend of Spain on increasing the size of the EU budget. The suggestion for realising European Union depend on all members of the EC put their efforts toward this aim, hence the dream for an ever closer union will be achieved.